H. Martikainen, I. Viering, A. Lobinger, and B. Wegmann, “Zero-Zero Mobility: Intra-Frequency Handovers with Zero Interruption and Zero Failures “, IEEE Network March/April 2018, 2018.
Today’s intra-frequency hard handovers in LTE suffer from interruption even if they are successful as well as risk of failures. The next generation, New Radio, will introduce stricter requirements that cannot be fulfilled with the traditional hard handover concept.
Namely, a handover with 0 ms interruption is mandated, and extreme reliability (ultra-reliable low-latency communication services) will not tolerate any mobility failures. Consequently, softer handover concepts where the UE is multi-connected to a source and one or more target cells are already under discussion.
This article investigates such a method using the well-known dual connectivity principle and evaluates the performance in terms of robustness / reliability and signaling costs.
D.Zhang, Z.Chang, T.Hämäläinen and W.Gao, “A Contract-based Resource Allocation Mechanism in Wireless Virtualized Network“, Proc. of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), 2018 IEEE, Honolulu, USA, April 16 – 19, 2018.
The rapidly increasing mobile traffic demand poses both new communication requirements and challenges on existing communication networks in terms of technologies and business models. Wireless network virtualization is a promising technology to provide service-based architecture and contract theory is a powerful framework from microeconomics for providing tools to model incentive mechanisms.
Infrastructure providers (InPs) is considered to own the physical networks and mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) has the information of the users and needs to lease the physical radio resources for providing services to subscribed users. In particular, a contract theoretic approach is utilized to model the trading process between the MVNO and multiple InPs.
Subsequently, the corresponding optimal contract is derived respectively to maximize the payoff of the MVNOs while maintaining the benefits of the InPs in the trading process. With numerical results, it can be observed that the proposed contract theoretic approach can effectively stimulate InPs’ participation, improve the payoff of the MVNO and outperform other schemes.
A. Hazmi, A. Karilainen, R. Tian, K. Sokolov and Z. Milosavljevic, “On OTA Throughput Evaluation of 8X8 MIMO Handset Antennas Using 3D Channel Models“, Proc. 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018), London, UK, April 9 – 13, 2018.
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) throughput evaluation in over-the-air (OTA) testing labs is currently using standardized 2D geometry-based radio channel models, like SCME and WINNER II channels especially for 2×2 MIMO case. With fifth generation (5G) development, high order MIMO capable devices, supporting 4×4 and 8×8 MIMO are coming which rise the need for more accurate MIMO OTA testing framework.
In this paper we mainly demonstrate, using idealistic and realistic MIMO antenna designs for portable devices, that conventional MIMO throughput OTA evaluation framework with 2D-channel model can underestimate the actual MIMO throughput, mainly in 8×8 MIMO case.
To illustrate this we first started with an idealistic and generic 2×2, 4×4 and 8×8 MIMO designs where we evaluated the corresponding MIMO throughput for both 3D and 2D channel cases in free space scenario. Secondly we introduced a more realistic 8×8 MIMO antenna solution for portable device operating at three 3GPP TDD bands (41, 42 & 43).
Resulting efficiency, correlation, multiplexing efficiency, and channel capacity measures for 8×8 operation are presented in freespace and PDA-hand use cases. Similarly as in the idealistic design case, we conducted extensive MIMO throughput evaluation corresponding to the 8×8 realistic design and confirmed the inaccuracy of the conventional 2D channel model in MIMO OTA throughput evaluation of high order MIMO.
B. Wang, Z. Chang, Z. Zhou and T. Ristaniemi, “Reliable and Privacy-preserving Task Recomposition for Crowdsensing in Vehicular Fog Computing“, Proc. of the IEEE 87th Vehicular Technology Conference, Porto, Portugal, June 3 – 6, 2018.
The advancement in vehicles has enabled crowdsensing in vehicular fog computing (VFC), where vehicles are recruited to be assigned different subtasks and participate sensing activities that may disclose their sensitive information. To stimulate more participants, VFC systems should be able to provide reliable and privacy-preserving data transmission and processing mechanisms for the sensing report.
To ensure the report process, we present a reliable and privacy- preserving task recomposition (REPTAR) for multiple subtasks sensing in VFC. Modified homomorphic Paillier encryption and superincreasing sequence are employed for aggregating hybrid subtasks into one ciphertext.
Reliability is verified by means and variances of each aggregated subtasks from different vehicular fog nodes. Detailed security analysis and performance evaluation are provided to demonstrate the security, privacy-enhancement, efficiency and low complexity of the proposed REPTAR.
N. Kolehmainen, E. Virtej, P. Lunden, T. Henttonen, L. Dalsgaard, E. Malkamäki, S. Nielsen, “Idle Mode Measurements to Enable Fast Small Cell Access without Compromising Energy Efficiency “, Proc. of the IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference: VTC 2018-Fall, Chicago, USA, August 27-30, 2018.
Offloading traffic to small cells is one of the key enablers in achieving high peak data rates in a heterogeneous cellular network deployment. In this paper, we introduce and evaluate a solution to significantly speed up the small cell access in LTE or NR based on UE performing additional small cell measurements in idle state.
These additional measurements naturally have a cost as additional energy consumption in the UE, but enable much faster small cell setup when there is data. The conventional wisdom has been to minimize the amount of measurements in the idle state to keep the UE battery life as long as possible. However, our results show that by leveraging the substantially better energy efficiency of data transmission in a small cell, a net positive effect can be achieved in a typical scenario.
The performance gains are compelling: We observe user perceived throughput up to 5-10 times higher, while still maintaining lower average UE energy consumption.
F. Laakso, J. Puttonen, J. Kurjenniemi, B. Wang, D. Zhang, F. Ahmed and J. Niemelä, “SonS3: A Network Data Driven Simulation Framework for Mobility Robustness Optimization“, Proc. of the IEEE 88th Vehicular Technology Conference: VTC 2018-Fall, Chicago, USA, August 27-30, 2018.
Self-Organizing Networks (SON) aim at automation of network parameters to make the planning, configuration, management, optimization and healing of mobile radio access networks simpler and faster, and thus also more cost efficient.
The SON use case in this article is Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO), which targets automatic detection and correction of handover (HO) parameterization. To this end we present novel simulation framework called Self-Organizing Simulator 3 (SonS3) that makes use of real network data to enable an accurate performance analysis of mobility related SON use cases.
In addition, we present an MRO algorithm which adapts dynamically the Cell Individual Offset (CIO), and a performance analysis within a realistic urban scenario. The proposed MRO algorithm leads to an overall reduction of more than 30% in mobility problems without causing significant increase in number of HOs.
H. Martikainen, I. Viering, A. Lobinger, T. Jokela, “On the Basics of Conditional Handover for 5G Mobility“, Proc. of the IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Bologna, Italy, September 10-12, 2018.
We are studying the mobility performance, outage and the signaling overhead of conditional handover (CHO) in Fifth Generation New Radio (5G NR).
We observe that CHO will bring mobility robustness and outage gain but could lead to significant increase in signaling if not properly parametrized.
Also, self-organizing networks (SON) optimization for CHO and CHO triggering based on source quality are found to improve performance significantly without increased signaling.
L. Sormunen, J. Puttonen and J. Kurjenniemi, “System Level Modeling of DVB-S2X in High Throughput Satellite System“, Proc. of the 36th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC), Niagara Falls, Canada, October 15-18, 2018.
DVB-S2X was published in 2014 to update and optimize the DVB-S2 specification, which was formulated ten years earlier. DVB-S2X offers increased efficiency and flexibility, enables the usage of advanced techniques, such as intrasystem interference mitigation, beam hopping and multiformat transmissions, and more flexible SNR usage due to addition of high efficiency and more robust MODCODs.
In this article, the system level model of DVB-S2X on top of Satellite Network Simulator 3 (SNS3) has been described and verified by means of simulations. It can be seen, that DVB-S2X provides 13% gain in both peak spectral efficiency and burst throughput per user, while optimal channel condition with most efficient MODCOD may provide almost 40% gain in user throughput.
N. Kolehmainen, D. Michalopoulos and A. Maeder, “5G Multi-Connectivity with Non-Ideal Backhaul: Distributed vs Cloud-Based Architecture“, IEEE GLOBECOM Workshop on Cloudified Architectures for 5G and beyond Systems, Abu Dhabi, UAE, December 9-13, 2018.
We investigate the throughput performance of multi-connectivity over Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets). Specifically, we examine the effect of non-ideal backhaul on the throughput for two architecture scenarios, namely: i) The distributed HetNet scenario where the multi-connectivity anchor is co-located with the macro cell; ii) the cloud-based HetNet scenario, where the multi-connectivity anchor point is located at a centralized network point.
An extensive set of simulations is conducted, followed by an investigation of the effect of the backhaul latency, packet file size and offered load on the throughput.
It is shown that the cloud-based HetNet architecture leads to a superior throughput performance than that of the distributed architecture. Moreover, it is shown that the backhaul delay considerably affects the overall throughput for both architecture options.
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